BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Jordan is among the most water-scarce countries in the world. The scarcity of water resources in Jordan is driving the development and advances of non-conventional water techniques that enable integrated management of water resources in addressing water scarcity challenges and promoting sustainable water use. Water harvesting of rainwater and fog techniques is one of the viable solutions to mitigate the water scarcity effects in Jordan. This study aimed to evaluate the quantity of rainwater and fog collected through the utilization of Solar Panels, while also conducting a feasibility analysis on the economic and environmental aspects of employing Solar Panels for rainwater and fog harvesting in a Solar farm situated in Jordan.METHODS: In the present study, an in-situ experiment is conducted to investigate rainwater and fog harvesting from Solar Panels' surfaces that are widely spread in Jordan. The Solar farm situated in Hai Al Sahabah, south of Amman, Jordan, incorporates an experimental arrangement that involves the installation of gutters, pipes, and water tanks beneath two Solar panel samples. These Panels have a total area of 4 square meters and will be monitored for a duration of 60 days.FINDING: The results of the experiment show that the total quantity of the harvested rainwater using two Solar Panels was 444 liters ranging from 0.8 liters per day to 117.66 liters per day, and the total harvested fog quantity was 28 liters ranging from 0.25 liters per day to 9.75 liters per day. The multilinear regression technique was employed to establish a correlation between the amount of harvested water and the crucial factors of wind direction, wind speed, relative humidity, and temperature at the Solar farm. The analysis of the findings revealed a significant relationship between these variables. These relationships can be generalized to provide an estimation for the quantity of rainwater and fog harvesting in other locations. The quantity of harvested rainwater was primarily influenced by wind speed and direction, the quantity of harvested fog was mainly affected by relative humidity and temperature. The current study aims to analyze and deliberate on the collected amounts of water obtained through rainwater and fog harvesting from Solar Panels. The viability of implementing the method of rainwater and fog harvesting from Solar Panels will be examined in terms of economic and environmental factors.CONCLUSIONS: The quantity of rainwater gathered in this research with just two Solar Panels shows great potential for widespread use as a supplementary water supply. This method of rainwater and fog harvesting can be effectively applied to Solar power plants which are widely spread in Jordan for use in Solar panel cleaning, agriculture, groundwater recharge, and reducing stormwater discharge to assess and manage the risk of environmental damage. Rainwater and fog harvesting systems offer a higher level of efficiency and cost-effectiveness compared to other methods, especially when seamlessly integrated into the infrastructure of Solar power plants. The benefits of Solar Panels by producing clean energy are not negotiable but combining energy production with water harvesting in Solar power plants would offer even more advantages in enhancing the global environmental situation.

The enhancement of energy using Solar photovoltaic in a limited space is important in urban areas due to increased land cost in the recent years. Although there exist different procedures and methodologies to focus the sunlight on Solar Panels, we have suggested a new approach to enhance the energy generation from the photovoltaic Panels, i.e., by keeping the two layers of photovoltaic Panels as collectors of energy one above the other with the same size and orientation. Our results of two layer Solar Panels have shown about 75% increase in efficiency as compared to a single layer Solar panel. This study can also be extended to n number of photovoltaic layers piled up one above the other, if the cost economics are justified with respect to the land cost.

Solar Panels exhibit non-linear current–voltage characteristics producing maximum power at only one particular operating point. The maximum power point changes with temperature and light intensity variations. Different methods have been introduced for tracking the maximum power point based on offline and online methods. In this paper a new method is presented to improve the performance of maximum power point tracking in off-grid Solar Panels. The proposed algorithm is a combination of two loops, set point calculation and fine tuning loops. First the set point loop approximates the maximum power using offline calculation of the open circuit voltage. The exact amount of the maximum power will, then, be tracked by the fine tuning loop which is based on perturbation and observation (P&O) method. The proposed method is simulated in Matlab/Simulink environment and experimentally verified using a laboratory prototype. In maximum power point tracking, the effects of frequency variation and disturbance amplitude on dynamic response and steady state performance are examined. Simulation and experimental results are compared with other methods and the effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated.

Renewable energy and especially Solar energy in Kish Island, have special important in order to maintain biological life and prevent air and water pollution The use of Solar energy in Kish Island as a touristy region have effective role in biological environment and increasing of its attractive.Hence the aim of this paper is determine of Solar energy potential in order to use pure energy in this Island. Be-cease of absent of radiometer in Kish Island, we use the daily data of radiometer and climatic parameter as radiation coefficient and coldness in Bandarabbas station for determine the estimation model. Then by use of this model and climatic parameter in Kish Island, we estimate radiation in this Island. The result show that the model based on brightness coefficient and sky coldness has a correct estimation of received radiation in horizontal surface in kish Island. In addition, various methods for determining the optimum angle of the Solar Panels were studied and finally Skeiker model was used to determine the optimum angle of Solar Panels. Duffy and Beckman model to compare the amount of radiation received at the surface of Solar Panels and radiation angles in the horizontal plane was used. The average radiation Kish Island is 508.7 calories per square centimeter per day, including areas with high potential for the utilization of Solar energy in photovoltaic systems as well as Solar water heating and cooling. The results showed that the average monthly proper slope Solar Panels for June least 4 degrees and 50 degrees for January and December along the horizon. By applying the proper angle of the Panels, the amount of radiation increased respectively 48 and 55 percent in January and December.

This study has examined the use of a cylindrical parabolic collector (CPC) and Solar Panels in the Solar still unit for more heating. The results of two different setups were then compared so that the first setup was a simple Solar still unit and the second setup was a Solar still unit with Solar Panels and the CPC device. The depth of saline water in the basin was 30 mm. Based on the results, the use of Solar Panels, thermal elements and the CPC device had a major impact on the amount of water sweetening during the experiments. In this paper, the experiments presented a new method for increasing the amount of water. With regards to the newly presented method, there has been a significant increase in the amount of Solar energy absorbed in the whole process of water sweetening. Experiments were performed at 300-watt and 400-watt Solar Panels and CPC devices with lengths of 1 m and 2 m. The cooling of Solar Panels was also investigated and compared with the process without cooling.

Background and Objective: In this research, it is tried to find the location of Solar Panels using climate and geographic information systems in the province of Khuzestan. Material and Methodology: At first, climatic data (total annual precipitation, annual average, sunshine and number of days of dust) related to 21 meteorological stations and elevation, slope, tilt, fault, fault, land use and road layers as the most important climatic factors, Topography, environment and human environment, which were influenced by the amount of Solar Panels in GIS, were generated using the IDW method, then weighed according to the FTOPSIS model, and these layers were combined through the overlapping method and the layer layers To establish Solar Panels in the province was provided. Findings: After creating the layered layers, they were finally placed in the GIS environment by combining different layers of information and determining the weight of each information layer. The classification of the map of the Solar Panels in 5 highly desirable categories with (2. 020-3. 020-3. 050), in the desirable range (1. 540-2. 090), moderate (1. 220-1. 530), in the unfavorable range (941-1. 210) and very unfavorable (512-940). Discussion and Conclusion: The study showed that, by combining different information layers and applying limitations and potentials, the eastern boundary zones including the cities of Dahdz and Izeh have the highest degree of utility in the construction of Solar Panels. The results also showed that the GIS as a decision support system and fuzzy overhead analysis process (FTOPSIS) is a flexible model for locating data in the selection of suitable Solar Panels.

In the present research, optimum Slope angle of Solar Panels to receive maximum monthly Solar radiation is obtained using different sky models in Kerman -Iran, Effect of reflective Solar radiation of ground is considered in all models, Three models are used to find optimum slope and azimuth angles. The optimum monthly, seasonally and yearly slope angles are found using isotropic model. The optimum slope and azimuth angles also are obtained using non-isotropic models. The results show that the monthly optimum slope angles for maximizing monthly Solar radiation are different throughout a year and are not close to the latitude angle. Nevertheless, they early optimum angle is close to latitude of Kerman when receiving yearly maximum Solar radiation is aimed.